Internet-Draft A Mechanism for Encoding Differences in October 2024
Bonnell, et al. Expires 24 April 2025 [Page]
Workgroup:
Network Working Group
Internet-Draft:
draft-bonnell-lamps-chameleon-certs-05
Published:
Intended Status:
Standards Track
Expires:
Authors:
C. Bonnell
DigiCert
J. Gray
Entrust
D. Hook
KeyFactor
T. Okubo
DigiCert
M. Ounsworth
Entrust

A Mechanism for Encoding Differences in Paired Certificates

Abstract

This document specifies a method to efficiently convey the differences between two certificates in an X.509 version 3 extension. This method allows a relying party to extract information sufficient to construct the paired certificate and perform certification path validation using the constructed certificate. In particular, this method is especially useful as part of a key or signature algorithm migration, where subjects may be issued multiple certificates containing different public keys or signed with different CA private keys or signature algorithms. This method does not require any changes to the certification path validation algorithm as described in RFC 5280. Additionally, this method does not violate the constraints of serial number uniqueness for certificates issued by a single certification authority.

About This Document

This note is to be removed before publishing as an RFC.

The latest revision of this draft can be found at https://CBonnell.github.io/chameleon-certs/draft-bonnell-lamps-chameleon-certs.html. Status information for this document may be found at https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-bonnell-lamps-chameleon-certs/.

Discussion of this document takes place on the Limited Additional Mechanisms for PKIX and SMIME (lamps) Working Group mailing list (mailto:[email protected]), which is archived at https://mailarchive.ietf.org/arch/browse/spasm/. Subscribe at https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/spasm/.

Source for this draft and an issue tracker can be found at https://github.com/CBonnell/chameleon-certs.

Status of This Memo

This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet-Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

This Internet-Draft will expire on 24 April 2025.

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Table of Contents

1. Introduction

In certain public key infrastructures, it is common to issue multiple certificates to a single subject. In particular, as part of an algorithm migration, multiple certificates may be issued to a single subject which convey public keys of different types or are signed with different signature algorithms. In cases where relying party systems cannot be immediately updated to support new algorithms, it is useful to issue certificates to subjects that convey public keys whose algorithm is being phased out to maintain interoperability. However, multiple certificates adds complexity to certificate management for relying parties and exposes limitations in applications and protocols that support a single certificate chain. For this reason, it is useful to efficiently convey information concerning the elements of two certificates within a single certificate. This information can then be used to construct the paired certificate as needed by relying parties.

This document specifies an X.509 v3 certificate extension that includes sufficient information for a relying party to construct both paired certificates with a single certificate. This method does not require any changes to the certification path validation algorithm as described in [RFC5280]. Additionally, this method does not violate the constraints of serial number uniqueness for certificates issued by a single certification authority.

This mechanism is particularly relevant for the migration to quantum-resistant algorithms. Similar migration mechanisms have been proposed in the literature, such as the mechanism proposed in [TRANSQRPKI], where encoding the entire paired certificate in a non-critical extension is proposed. This specification builds on this idea by specifying a mechanism that requires only the differences between two paired certificates to be encoded, thus realizing a space savings.

In addition to the certificate extension, this document specifies two PKCS #10 Certificate Signing Request attributes that can be used by applicants to request Paired Certificates using a single PKCS #10 Certificate Signing Request.

2. Conventions and Definitions

The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all capitals, as shown here.

2.1. Definitions

For conciseness, this document defines several terms that are frequently used throughout.

Base Certificate: A X.509 v3 certificate which contains a delta certificate descriptor extension.

DCD: An acronym meaning "Delta Certificate descriptor", which is a reference to the X.509 v3 certificate extension defined in this document.

Delta Certificate: A X.509 v3 certificate which can be reconstructed by incorporating the fields and extensions contained in a Base Certificate.

Paired Certificates: A Base Certificate and the corresponding Delta Certificate whose information is encoded in the Base Certificate's DCD extension.

3. Relationship between Base Certificates and Delta Certificates

In some public key infrastructures, it may be common to issue multiple certificates to the same subject. For example, these certificates generally contain the same (or substantially similar) identity information and generally have identical validity periods. The differences in certificate content generally stem from the certification of different keys, where the named subject may have multiple keys of different algorithms certified by separate certificates. The use of different keys allows for the subject to use the key that is most appropriate for a given operation and intended recipient. For example, as part of an ongoing algorithm migration, it is useful to use stronger algorithms when both of the systems utilized by the subscriber/sender and recipient have been upgraded. However, in the case where systems have not yet been updated, the use of a legacy key algorithm may be required. Additionally, multiple certificates may be issued to the same subject that certify keys for different purposes, such as one key for signing and another key for encryption.

The management of multiple certificates may be complex, and there may be limitations in protocols regarding the handling of multiple certificate chains. To account for these concerns, this document proposes a method to efficiently encode the differences between two certificates with sufficient information such that a relying party can derive the complete certificate from another. For the purposes of this document, the "Base Certificate" contains its own fields and extensions and additionally includes an extension that conveys all differences contained within the paired certificate. The certificate whose elements which differ from the Base Certificate and are captured in the Delta Certificate descriptor extension of the Base Certificate is known as the "Delta Certificate".

Delta Certificates are reconstructed from the Base Certificate either on the sender's side or the recipient's side depending on the protocol and application(s) in use. The sender may elect to send the Base Certificate or the Delta Certificate based on information that it has about what the recipient can process. Similarly, the client may send either the Base Certificate or the Delta Certificate based on what the server can process. This assures backwards compatibility as the certificate sent to the peer (server or client) is chosen based on what it can process. The negotiation on which certificate to use is out-of-scope of this document and is deferred to each protocol and application.

In the absence of information concerning the capabilities of the peer, it is unknown whether it understands the DCD extension in the Base Certificate. When the recipient does not understand the DCD extension, it only processes the information within the Base Certificate and ignores the information found in a non-critical DCD extension. If the recipient receives a Base Certificate and is capable of processing the DCD extension, then it may reconstruct the Delta Certificate to be used for processing.

In a protocol, the sender may perform a cryptographic operation with the key conveyed within the Base Certificate. If it understands the DCD extension, then it may reconstruct the Delta Certificate and choose to perform the same operation with the key conveyed within the DCD extension. Alternatively, if the sender understands the DCD extension and knows that the receiver will only process the Delta Certificate, the sender can reconstruct and send only the Delta Certificate. This behavior is deferred to the software in use.

4. Delta certificate descriptor extension

The Delta Certificate descriptor ("DCD") extension is used to reconstruct the Delta Certificate by incorporating both the fields and extensions present in the Base Certificate as well as the information contained within the extension itself.

Certification authorities SHOULD NOT mark this extension as critical so that applications that do not understand the extension will still be able to process the Base Certificate.

The inclusion of the DCD extension within a Base Certificate is not a statement from the issuing Certification Authority of the Base Certificate that the contents of the Delta Certificate have been verified. Conversely, the DCD extension is merely a mechanism to encode the differences between two Paired Certificates. Given this, it is possible for the Base Certificate to expire prior to the Delta Certificate, and vice versa. However, the policies governing a public key infrastructure may add additional requirements for the content of the DCD extension or alignment of validity periods for Base Certificates and Delta Certificates. For example, a policy may require that the validity periods of the Base Certificate and Delta Certificate be identical, or that if the Delta Certificate is revoked, the Base Certificate must also be revoked.

4.1. Delta certificate descriptor content

The DCD extension is identified with the following object identifier:

(TODO: replace this temporary OID)

id-ce-deltaCertificateDescriptor OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {
   joint-iso-itu-t(2) country(16) us(840) organization(1)
   entrust(114027) 80 6 1
}

The ASN.1 syntax of the extension is as follows:

DeltaCertificateDescriptor ::= SEQUENCE {
  serialNumber          CertificateSerialNumber,
  signature             [0] EXPLICIT AlgorithmIdentifier
       {SIGNATURE_ALGORITHM, {...}} OPTIONAL,
  issuer                [1] EXPLICIT Name OPTIONAL,
  validity              [2] EXPLICIT Validity OPTIONAL,
  subject               [3] EXPLICIT Name OPTIONAL,
  subjectPublicKeyInfo  SubjectPublicKeyInfo,
  extensions            [4] EXPLICIT Extensions{CertExtensions}
       OPTIONAL,
  signatureValue        BIT STRING
}

The serialNumber field MUST be present and contain the serial number of the Delta Certificate.

The signature field specifies the signature algorithm used by the issuing certification authority to sign the Delta Certificate. If the DER encoding of the value of the signature field of the Base Certificate and Delta Certificate is the same, then this field MUST be absent. Otherwise, it MUST contain the DER encoding of the value of the signature field of the Delta Certificate.

The issuer field specifies the distinguished name of the issuing certification authority which signed the Delta Certificate. If the DER encoding of the value of the issuer field of the Base Certificate and Delta Certificate is the same, then this field MUST be absent. Otherwise, it MUST contain the DER encoding of the value of the issuer field of the Delta Certificate.

The validity field specifies the validity period of the Delta Certificate. If the DER encoding of the value of the validity field of the Base Certificate and Delta Certificate is the same, then this field MUST be absent. Otherwise, it MUST contain the DER encoding of the value of the validity field of the Delta Certificate.

The subject field specifies the distinguished name of the named subject as encoded in the Delta Certificate. If the DER encoding of the value of the subject field of the Base Certificate and Delta Certificate is the same, then this field MUST be absent. Otherwise, it MUST contain the DER encoding of the value of the subject field of the Delta Certificate.

The subjectPublicKeyInfo field contains the public key certified in the Delta Certificate. The value of this field MUST differ from the value of the subjectPublicKeyInfo field of the Base Certificate. In other words, the Base Certificate and Delta Certificate MUST certify different keys.

The extensions field contains the extensions whose criticality and/or DER-encoded value are different in the Delta Certificate compared to the Base Certificate with the exception of the DCD extension itself. If the extensions field is absent, then all extensions in the Delta Certificate MUST have the same criticality and DER-encoded value as the Base Certificate (except for the DCD extension, which MUST be absent from the Delta Certificate). This field MUST NOT contain any extension:

  • which has the same criticality and DER-encoded value as encoded in the Base Certificate,

  • whose type does not appear in the Base Certificate, or

  • which is of the DCD extension type (recursive Delta Certificates are not permitted).

Additionally, the Base Certificate SHALL NOT include any extensions which are not included in the Delta Certificate, with the exception of the DCD extension itself. Likewise, there is no mechanism to remove extensions from the Delta Certificate that are present in the Base Certificate. Therefore, it is not possible to add or remove extensions using the DCD extension. The ordering of extensions in this field MUST be relative to the ordering of the extensions as they are encoded in the Delta Certificate. Maintaining this relative ordering ensures that the Delta Certificate's extensions can be constructed with a single pass.

The signatureValue field contains the value of the signature field of the Delta Certificate. It MUST be present.

4.2. Issuing a Base Certificate

The signature of the Delta Certificate must be known so that its value can be included in the signatureValue field of the delta certificate descriptor extension. Given this, Delta Certificate will necessarily need to be issued prior to the issuance of the Base Certificate. To simplify reconstruction of the Delta Certificate, the signatures for Base and Delta Certificates MUST be calculated over the DER encoding of the TBSCertificate structure.

After the Delta Certificate is issued, the certification authority compares the signature, issuer, validity, subject, subjectPublicKeyInfo, and extensions fields of the Delta Certificate and the to-be-signed certificate which will contain the DCD extension. The certification authority then populates the DCD extension with the values of the fields which differ from the Base Certificate. The CA MUST encode extensions in the Base Certificate in the same order used for the Delta Certificate, with the exception of the DCD extension itself.

The certification authority then adds the computed DCD extension to the to-be-signed Base Certificate and signs the Base Certificate.

4.3. Reconstructing a Delta Certificate from a Base Certificate

The following procedure describes how to reconstruct a Delta Certificate from a Base Certificate:

  1. Create an initial Delta Certificate template by copying the Base Certificate excluding the DCD extension.

  2. Replace the value of the serialNumber field of the Delta Certificate template with the value of the DCD extension's serialNumber field.

  3. If the DCD extension contains a value for the signature field, then replace the value of the signature field and the signatureAlgorithm field of the Delta Certificate template with the value of the DCD extension's signature field.

  4. If the DCD extension contains a value for the issuer field, then replace the value of the issuer field of the Delta Certificate template with the value of the DCD extension's issuer field.

  5. If the DCD extension contains a value for the validity field, then replace the value of the validity field of the Delta Certificate template with the value of the DCD extension's validity field.

  6. Replace the value of the subjectPublicKeyInfo field of the Delta Certificate template with the value of the DCD extension's subjectPublicKeyInfo field.

  7. If the DCD extension contains a value for the subject field, then replace the value of the subject field of the Delta Certificate template with the value of the DCD extension's subject field.

  8. If the DCD extension contains a value for the extensions field, then iterate over the DCD extension's "extensions" field, replacing the criticality and/or extension value of each identified extension in the Delta Certificate template. If any extension is present in the field that does not appear in the Delta Certificate template, then this reconstruction process MUST fail.

  9. Replace the value of the signature field of the Delta Certificate template with the value of the DCD extension's signatureValue field.

As part of testing implementations of this specification, implementers are encouraged to verify the signature of the reconstructed Delta Certificate using the issuing Certification Authority's public key to ensure that the Delta Certificate was reconstructed correctly.

5. Delta certificate request content and semantics

Using the two attributes that are defined below, it is possible to create Certificate Signing Requests for both Base and Delta Certificates within a single PKCS #10 Certificate Signing Request. The mechanism presented in this section need not be used exclusively by requestors for the issuance of Paired Certificates; other mechanisms (such as the submission of two Certificate Signing Requests, etc.) are also acceptable. Additionally, this document does not place any restriction on the amount of time that may elapse between the issuance of a Delta Certificate and the request of a Base Certificate; such restrictions should be defined by the policy of a particular public key infrastructure.

The delta certificate request attribute is used to convey the requested differences between the request for issuance of the Base Certificate and the requested Delta Certificate. Similar to the semantics of Certificate Signing Requests in general, the Certification Authority MAY add, modify, or selectively ignore information conveyed in the attribute when issuing the corresponding Delta Certificate.

The attribute is identified with the following object identifier:

(TODO: replace this temporary OID)

id-at-deltaCertificateRequest OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {
   joint-iso-itu-t(2) country(16) us(840) organization(1)
   entrust(114027) 80 6 2
}

The ASN.1 syntax of the attribute is as follows:

DeltaCertificateRequestValue ::= SEQUENCE {
  subject               [0] EXPLICIT Name OPTIONAL,
  subjectPKInfo         SubjectPublicKeyInfo,
  extensions            [1] EXPLICIT Extensions{CertExtensions}
       OPTIONAL,
  signatureAlgorithm    [2] EXPLICIT AlgorithmIdentifier
       {SIGNATURE_ALGORITHM, {...}} OPTIONAL
}

DeltaCertificateRequest ::= ATTRIBUTE {
   WITH SYNTAX DeltaCertificateRequestValue
   SINGLE VALUE TRUE
   ID id-at-deltaCertificateRequest
}

The delta certificate request signature attribute is used to convey the signature that is calculated over the CertificationRequestInfo using the signature algorithm and key that is specified in the delta certificate request attribute. Section 5.1 describes in detail how to determine the value of this attribute.

This attribute is identified with the following object identifier:

(TODO: replace this temporary OID)

id-at-deltaCertificateRequestSignature OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {
   joint-iso-itu-t(2) country(16) us(840) organization(1)
   entrust(114027) 80 6 3
}

The ASN.1 syntax of the attribute is as follows:

DeltaCertificateRequestSignatureValue ::= BIT STRING

deltaCertificateRequestSignature ATTRIBUTE ::= {
   WITH SYNTAX DeltaCertificateRequestSignatureValue
   SINGLE VALUE TRUE
   ID id-at-deltaCertificateRequestSignature
}

5.1. Creating a Certificate Signing Request for Paired Certificates

The following procedure is used by a certificate requestor to create a combined Certificate Signing Request for Paired Certificates.

  1. Create a CertificationRequestInfo containing the subject, subjectPKInfo, and attributes for the Base Certificate.

  2. Create a delta certificate request attribute that specifies the requested differences between the to-be-issued Base Certificate and Delta Certificate requests.

  3. Add the delta certificate request attribute that was created by step 2 to the list of attributes in the CertificationRequestInfo.

  4. Sign the CertificationRequestInfo using the private key of the delta certificate request subject.

  5. Create a delta certificate request signature attribute that contains the signature value calculated by step 4.

  6. Add the delta certificate request signature attribute that was created by step 5 to the list of attributes.

  7. Sign the CertificationRequestInfo using the private key of the base certificate request subject.

5.2. Verifying a Certificate Signing Request for Paired Certificates

The following procedure is used by a Certification Authority to verify a Certificate Signing Request for Paired Certificates that was created using the process outlined in Section 5.1.

  1. Create a CertificationRequest template by copying the CertificationRequest submitted by the certificate requestor.

  2. Verify the signature of the base certificate request using the public key associated with the base certificate request subject and the signature algorithm specified in the signatureAlgorithm field of the CertificationRequest template. If signature verification fails, then the Certification Authority MUST treat the Certificate Signing Request as invalid.

  3. Remove the delta certificate request signature attribute from the CertificationRequest template.

  4. Replace the value of the signature field of the CertificationRequest template with the value of the delta certificate request attribute that was removed in step 3.

  5. Verify the signature of the delta certificate request using the public key associated with the delta certificate request subject. If the signatureAlgorithm field of the delta certificate request attribute is present, then the Certification Authority MUST perform signature verification using the algorithm specified in this field. Otherwise, the Certification Authority MUST perform signature verification using the algorithm specified in the signatureAlgorithm field of the CertificationRequest template. If signature verification fails, then the Certification Authority MUST treat the Certificate Signing Request as invalid.

6. Security Considerations

The validation of Base Certificates and Delta Certificates follows the certification path validation algorithm defined in [RFC5280]. In particular, the certification path validation algorithm defined in [RFC5280] MUST be performed prior to using a Base or Delta Certificate; it is not sufficient to reconstruct a Delta Certificate and use it for any purpose without performing certification path validation. If a use case requires it, a Delta Certificate can be reconstructed specifically for the purposes of validation to ensure that the Delta Certificate is valid for its intended purpose on final reconstruction. That being said, some form of validation such as revocation checking, and signature verification MUST always be assured at the point the certificate is used.

There are some additional considerations for the software to handle the Base Certificate and Delta Certificate. The Base Certificate and Delta Certificate may have different security properties such as different signing algorithms, different key types or the same key types with different key sizes or signing algorithms. The preference on which certificate to be used or using both when available is deferred to the server or client software.

The software is expected to make choices depending on the certificate's security properties or a policy set for the particular PKI. One example of handling two certificates is "fallback" where if the validation of the first certificate fails, it attempts to validate the second certificate. Another example to handle two certificate is "upgrade", where the validation of the first certificate succeeds but still attempts the validation of the second certificate. While this document provides a vehicle to convey information of two certificates in one, it does not address the rules that are expected to be set by the policy of a PKI on how to issue Paired Certificates and how to handle them.

The algorithms that are used for the Base Certificate and Delta Certificate respectively should be carefully set by the policy of each PKI reflecting the best current practices in usage of cryptography. The behavior of the server or client software is expected to be well-defined in accordance with the policy in order to avoid downgrade attacks or substitution attacks.

7. IANA Considerations

For the Delta Certificate descriptor extension as defined in Section 4.1, IANA is requested to assign an object identifier (OID) for the certificate extension. The OID for the certificate extension should be allocated in the "SMI Security for PKIX Certificate Extension" registry (1.3.6.1.5.5.7.1).

For the Delta Certificate Request and Delta Certificate Request Signature attributes as defined in Section 5, IANA is requested to create a new registry under SMI Security Codes and assign two object identifiers (OID).

For the ASN.1 Module for the extension and attributes defined in Appendix A, IANA is requested to assign an object identifier (OID). The OID for the module should be allocated in the "SMI Security for PKIX Module Identifier" registry (1.3.6.1.5.5.7.0).

8. References

8.1. Normative References

[RFC2119]
Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2119>.
[RFC5280]
Cooper, D., Santesson, S., Farrell, S., Boeyen, S., Housley, R., and W. Polk, "Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure Certificate and Certificate Revocation List (CRL) Profile", RFC 5280, DOI 10.17487/RFC5280, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc5280>.
[RFC8174]
Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC 2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8174>.
[X.680]
ITU-T, "Information technology - Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1): Specification of basic notation", ISO/IEC 8824-1:2015, .

8.2. Informative References

[TRANSQRPKI]
Bindel, N., Herath, U., McKague, M., and D. Stebila, "Transitioning to a Quantum-Resistant Public Key Infrastructure", , <https://d1kjwivbowugqa.cloudfront.net/files/research/papers/PQCrypto-BHMS17-full.pdf>.

Appendix A. ASN.1 Module

The following ASN.1 [X.680] module provides the complete definition of the extensions, attributes, and associated identifiers specified in this document.

DeltaCertificateDescriptor { iso(1) identified-organization(3) dod(6)
  internet(1) security(5) mechanisms(5) pkix(7) id-mod(0)
  id-mod-deltaCertificateDescriptor(TBD) }

DEFINITIONS EXPLICIT TAGS ::=

BEGIN

EXPORTS ALL;

IMPORTS
  AlgorithmIdentifier{}, SIGNATURE-ALGORITHM
  FROM AlgorithmInformation-2009  -- RFC 5912
  { iso(1) identified-organization(3) dod(6) internet(1) security(5)
    mechanisms(5) pkix(7) id-mod(0)
    id-mod-algorithmInformation-02(58) }

  EXTENSION, ATTRIBUTE, Extensions{}
  FROM PKIX-CommonTypes-2009  -- RFC 5912
  { iso(1) identified-organization(3) dod(6) internet(1)
    security(5) mechanisms(5) pkix(7) id-mod(0)
    id-mod-pkixCommon-02(57) }

  CertificateSerialNumber, Name, Validity, SubjectPublicKeyInfo,
  CertExtensions FROM PKIX1Explicit-2009  -- RFC 5912
  { iso(1) identified-organization(3) dod(6) internet(1) security(5)
    mechanisms(5) pkix(7) id-mod(0) id-mod-pkix1-explicit-02(51) };

-- Temporary OID arc --

id-temporaryArc OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {
  joint-iso-itu-t(2) country(16) us(840) organization(1)
  entrust(114027) 80 6
}

-- Extension --

id-ce-deltaCertificateDescriptor OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {
       id-temporaryArc 1 }

DeltaCertificateDescriptor ::= SEQUENCE {
  serialNumber          CertificateSerialNumber,
  signature             [0] EXPLICIT AlgorithmIdentifier
       {SIGNATURE_ALGORITHM, {...}} OPTIONAL,
  issuer                [1] EXPLICIT Name OPTIONAL,
  validity              [2] EXPLICIT Validity OPTIONAL,
  subject               [3] EXPLICIT Name OPTIONAL,
  subjectPublicKeyInfo  SubjectPublicKeyInfo,
  extensions            [4] EXPLICIT Extensions{CertExtensions}
       OPTIONAL,
  signatureValue        BIT STRING
}

ext-deltaCertificateDescriptor EXTENSION ::= {
  SYNTAX DeltaCertificateDescriptor
  IDENTIFIED BY id-ce-deltaCertificateDescriptor
  CRITICALITY { FALSE }
}

-- Request Attributes --

id-at-deltaCertificateRequest OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {
       id-temporaryArc 2 }

DeltaCertificateRequestValue ::= SEQUENCE {
  subject               [0] EXPLICIT Name OPTIONAL,
  subjectPKInfo         SubjectPublicKeyInfo,
  extensions            [1] EXPLICIT Extensions{CertExtensions}
       OPTIONAL,
  signatureAlgorithm    [2] EXPLICIT AlgorithmIdentifier
       {SIGNATURE_ALGORITHM, {...}} OPTIONAL
}

DeltaCertificateRequest ::= ATTRIBUTE {
   WITH SYNTAX DeltaCertificateRequestValue
   SINGLE VALUE TRUE
   ID id-at-deltaCertificateRequest
}

id-at-deltaCertificateRequestSignature OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {
       id-temporaryArc 3 }

DeltaCertificateRequestSignatureValue ::= BIT STRING

DeltaCertificateRequestSignature ::= ATTRIBUTE {
   WITH SYNTAX DeltaCertificateRequestSignatureValue
   SINGLE VALUE TRUE
   ID id-at-deltaCertificateRequestSignature
}

END

Appendix B. Examples

This appendix includes some example certificates which demonstrate the use of the mechanism specified in this document. Two use cases of this mechanism are demonstrated: algorithm migration and dual use. The PEM text and dumpasn1 output for each certificate is provided.

B.1. Root certificates

The two certificates in this section represent the two root Certification Authorities which issue the end-entity certificates in the following section.

B.1.1. EC P-521 root certificate

This is the EC root certificate.

-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----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-----END CERTIFICATE-----


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       :      }
118  43:    SET {
120  41:     SEQUENCE {
122   3:      OBJECT IDENTIFIER organizationalUnitName (2 5 4 11)
127  34:      UTF8String 'Post-Heffalump Research Department'
       :       }
       :      }
163  24:    SET {
165  22:     SEQUENCE {
167   3:      OBJECT IDENTIFIER commonName (2 5 4 3)
172  15:      UTF8String 'ECDSA Root - G1'
       :       }
       :      }
       :     }
189  30:   SEQUENCE {
191  13:    UTCTime 17/10/2024 23:37:23 GMT
206  13:    UTCTime 15/10/2034 23:37:23 GMT
       :     }
221 139:   SEQUENCE {
224  11:    SET {
226   9:     SEQUENCE {
228   3:      OBJECT IDENTIFIER countryName (2 5 4 6)
233   2:      PrintableString 'XX'
       :       }
       :      }
237  53:    SET {
239  51:     SEQUENCE {
241   3:      OBJECT IDENTIFIER organizationName (2 5 4 10)
246  44:      UTF8String
       :       'Royal Institute of Public Key Infrastructure'
       :       }
       :      }
292  43:    SET {
294  41:     SEQUENCE {
296   3:      OBJECT IDENTIFIER organizationalUnitName (2 5 4 11)
301  34:      UTF8String 'Post-Heffalump Research Department'
       :       }
       :      }
337  24:    SET {
339  22:     SEQUENCE {
341   3:      OBJECT IDENTIFIER commonName (2 5 4 3)
346  15:      UTF8String 'ECDSA Root - G1'
       :       }
       :      }
       :     }
363 155:   SEQUENCE {
366  16:    SEQUENCE {
368   7:     OBJECT IDENTIFIER ecPublicKey (1 2 840 10045 2 1)
377   5:     OBJECT IDENTIFIER secp521r1 (1 3 132 0 35)
       :      }
384 134:    BIT STRING
       :     04 01 00 56 06 A7 BF 43 84 35 27 27 E7 AE 85 B5
       :     88 A9 13 0F 0B F6 09 C8 C7 17 A7 9C 44 17 DE 9C
       :     42 38 B6 AC E7 24 BD CA 90 92 1A 84 2B 6B A9 5D
       :     C4 8B 69 C9 48 91 2D 7A 44 41 59 81 3D 2A DE F3
       :     B6 9B 5C 00 85 7C 5E 29 E3 EC 30 BD 84 88 23 10
       :     20 40 2B 5E C1 30 08 31 AE FA A7 71 98 DD A5 1D
       :     44 0D BA 28 AC AE 48 A0 45 D5 C8 2C 76 80 5D D7
       :     D3 B4 0B E9 A2 9B 00 72 19 E6 FA F5 1B 1C D6 AF
       :     73 15 51 8C AD
       :     }
521  99:   [3] {
523  97:    SEQUENCE {
525  15:     SEQUENCE {
527   3:      OBJECT IDENTIFIER basicConstraints (2 5 29 19)
532   1:      BOOLEAN TRUE
535   5:      OCTET STRING, encapsulates {
537   3:       SEQUENCE {
539   1:        BOOLEAN TRUE
       :         }
       :        }
       :       }
542  14:     SEQUENCE {
544   3:      OBJECT IDENTIFIER keyUsage (2 5 29 15)
549   1:      BOOLEAN TRUE
552   4:      OCTET STRING, encapsulates {
554   2:       BIT STRING 1 unused bit
       :        '1100000'B
       :        }
       :       }
558  29:     SEQUENCE {
560   3:      OBJECT IDENTIFIER subjectKeyIdentifier (2 5 29 14)
565  22:      OCTET STRING, encapsulates {
567  20:       OCTET STRING
       :        EB A3 D0 8B 51 FE 12 DC CC 21 66 87 85 0F 98 C7
       :        67 73 88 34
       :        }
       :       }
589  31:     SEQUENCE {
591   3:      OBJECT IDENTIFIER authorityKeyIdentifier (2 5 29 35)
596  24:      OCTET STRING, encapsulates {
598  22:       SEQUENCE {
600  20:        [0]
       :         EB A3 D0 8B 51 FE 12 DC CC 21 66 87 85 0F 98 C7
       :         67 73 88 34
       :         }
       :        }
       :       }
       :      }
       :     }
       :    }
622  10:  SEQUENCE {
624   8:   OBJECT IDENTIFIER ecdsaWithSHA512 (1 2 840 10045 4 3 4)
       :    }
634 139:  BIT STRING, encapsulates {
638 135:   SEQUENCE {
641  65:    INTEGER
       :     49 E7 4B 12 3A 5F 93 4F 18 67 AD A4 15 24 12 1D
       :     C7 20 34 EB 5B 6E 1D 3E DC 7B E3 09 96 00 DC 2B
       :     7A 3B 1B 4B 44 AF 6E 2A 67 40 93 D0 5E 34 EF F1
       :     A5 C3 94 30 0C 88 F2 87 69 DA 39 A8 22 57 32 F5
       :     37
708  66:    INTEGER
       :     00 98 36 D1 99 EB ED 68 D5 10 D2 4E 9E F7 B0 96
       :     73 CB 53 3C 4E E0 5E 8E 62 A8 50 F4 35 4F 6F DB
       :     41 D5 DF 3E EF A0 45 3C 7D 80 FA E4 0D 40 CB 75
       :     50 EF A9 C2 F1 6F 13 E1 3D 5A 7E F4 42 2E 2B 7A
       :     C2 8D
       :     }
       :    }
       :   }

B.1.2. ML-DSA-65 root certificate

This is the ML-DSA-65 root certificate. It contains a Delta Certificate Descriptor extension which includes sufficient information to recreate the ECDSA P-521 root.

-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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zJopFVAoeWFIUec28gSLPG/a6WtZthVf3AwNlEU9q5GVMyNXi4wikwr3oMW0JHea
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ktjgf8ypkgElWo+GdgoMmUdqtzpORIbq3pWV3AJfL9PU8tB6KTCN86Rxb/syTG7Y
53TLW67qyY6xY/BGvdxtdjw7zNkkOhO6AUywFn8xi5+B9S3n11ICSXrn6Rpu+Qgt
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PHfQ4l6+SUMo+tVNfo87m6uQismTwSu6nt4X+CNFvb5bY9Apltg5HAkTInJ41ed+
Shu2siOaLEbfQ3rjeeyTwuCnn8NPOe3VBLfhEvznBR+wCQA7W6/UiUoJCZgZwQkP
pGbnhaBP+YJF9ypE/mS0RGhti6UGKS9QWXaH9h4hVlt3krr4IiVYgpGetb/vCA5d
fYAjMD9K/AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAUNFR4jKA==
-----END CERTIFICATE-----


   0 6408: SEQUENCE {
   4 3077:  SEQUENCE {
   8    3:   [0] {
  10    1:    INTEGER 2
         :     }
  13   20:   INTEGER 15 67 7A 84 2C 46 84 33 4B F9 2D 4E 2F 75 18 EF 0F A9 B1 B4
  35   11:   SEQUENCE {
  37    9:    OBJECT IDENTIFIER '2 16 840 1 101 3 4 3 18'
         :     }
  48  140:   SEQUENCE {
  51   11:    SET {
  53    9:     SEQUENCE {
  55    3:      OBJECT IDENTIFIER countryName (2 5 4 6)
  60    2:      PrintableString 'XX'
         :       }
         :      }
  64   53:    SET {
  66   51:     SEQUENCE {
  68    3:      OBJECT IDENTIFIER organizationName (2 5 4 10)
  73   44:      UTF8String
         :       'Royal Institute of Public Key Infrastructure'
         :       }
         :      }
 119   43:    SET {
 121   41:     SEQUENCE {
 123    3:      OBJECT IDENTIFIER organizationalUnitName (2 5 4 11)
 128   34:      UTF8String 'Post-Heffalump Research Department'
         :       }
         :      }
 164   25:    SET {
 166   23:     SEQUENCE {
 168    3:      OBJECT IDENTIFIER commonName (2 5 4 3)
 173   16:      UTF8String 'ML-DSA Root - G1'
         :       }
         :      }
         :     }
 191   30:   SEQUENCE {
 193   13:    UTCTime 17/10/2024 23:37:23 GMT
 208   13:    UTCTime 15/10/2034 23:37:23 GMT
         :     }
 223   47:   SEQUENCE {
 225   11:    SET {
 227    9:     SEQUENCE {
 229    3:      OBJECT IDENTIFIER countryName (2 5 4 6)
 234    2:      PrintableString 'XX'
         :       }
         :      }
 238   15:    SET {
 240   13:     SEQUENCE {
 242    3:      OBJECT IDENTIFIER organizationName (2 5 4 10)
 247    6:      UTF8String 'Hanako'
         :       }
         :      }
 255   15:    SET {
 257   13:     SEQUENCE {
 259    3:      OBJECT IDENTIFIER organizationalUnitName (2 5 4 11)
 264    6:      UTF8String 'Yamada'
         :       }
         :      }
         :     }
 272 1970:   SEQUENCE {
 276   11:    SEQUENCE {
 278    9:     OBJECT IDENTIFIER '2 16 840 1 101 3 4 3 18'
         :      }
 289 1953:    BIT STRING
         :     FD AE A2 1D 3C C2 7D A9 EF 68 78 BC 19 4F 94 FA
         :     85 F9 9C 39 2F 91 28 FF 73 F7 86 9C 6B 74 7F BD
         :     18 0E 3B D7 A0 D9 B0 5D 2C 48 A4 51 F3 EE 62 E7
         :     98 9D 3D 94 42 36 3B 53 86 2E 05 05 8C 06 1D B9
         :     B4 11 32 5B E3 8F 43 B3 66 30 F8 80 98 6C FD CE
         :     86 F0 1D A5 A0 AB 5D E9 A3 96 B7 82 8F 3D 5A 66
         :     9A F5 DA 38 5C 05 79 4D CD 56 AF 89 61 98 7C 52
         :     4E DD 09 0E 8F 34 2E 85 A8 88 AB 13 EE 57 F0 4A
         :         [ Another 1824 bytes skipped ]
         :     }
2246  835:   [3] {
2250  831:    SEQUENCE {
2254   15:     SEQUENCE {
2256    3:      OBJECT IDENTIFIER basicConstraints (2 5 29 19)
2261    1:      BOOLEAN TRUE
2264    5:      OCTET STRING, encapsulates {
2266    3:       SEQUENCE {
2268    1:        BOOLEAN TRUE
         :         }
         :        }
         :       }
2271   14:     SEQUENCE {
2273    3:      OBJECT IDENTIFIER keyUsage (2 5 29 15)
2278    1:      BOOLEAN TRUE
2281    4:      OCTET STRING, encapsulates {
2283    2:       BIT STRING 1 unused bit
         :        '1100001'B
         :        }
         :       }
2287   29:     SEQUENCE {
2289    3:      OBJECT IDENTIFIER subjectKeyIdentifier (2 5 29 14)
2294   22:      OCTET STRING, encapsulates {
2296   20:       OCTET STRING
         :        9B 07 B4 A4 75 C4 BC 91 5D 35 E0 C9 A1 C1 62 E2
         :        77 55 D6 3F
         :        }
         :       }
2318   31:     SEQUENCE {
2320    3:      OBJECT IDENTIFIER authorityKeyIdentifier (2 5 29 35)
2325   24:      OCTET STRING, encapsulates {
2327   22:       SEQUENCE {
2329   20:        [0]
         :         9B 07 B4 A4 75 C4 BC 91 5D 35 E0 C9 A1 C1 62 E2
         :         77 55 D6 3F
         :         }
         :        }
         :       }
2351  730:     SEQUENCE {
2355   10:      OBJECT IDENTIFIER
         :       deltaCertificateDescriptor (2 16 840 1 114027 80 6 1)
2367  714:      OCTET STRING, encapsulates {
2371  710:       SEQUENCE {
2375   20:        INTEGER
         :         0C 24 0E E2 3E BC 25 E4 BA B6 08 12 BA 36 76 5B
         :         FF B9 44 C0
2397   12:        [0] {
2399   10:         SEQUENCE {
2401    8:          OBJECT IDENTIFIER
         :           ecdsaWithSHA512 (1 2 840 10045 4 3 4)
         :           }
         :          }
2411  142:        [1] {
2414  139:         SEQUENCE {
2417   11:          SET {
2419    9:           SEQUENCE {
2421    3:            OBJECT IDENTIFIER countryName (2 5 4 6)
2426    2:            PrintableString 'XX'
         :             }
         :            }
2430   53:          SET {
2432   51:           SEQUENCE {
2434    3:            OBJECT IDENTIFIER organizationName (2 5 4 10)
2439   44:            UTF8String
         :          'Royal Institute of Public Key Infrastructure'
         :             }
         :            }
2485   43:          SET {
2487   41:           SEQUENCE {
2489    3:            OBJECT IDENTIFIER
         :             organizationalUnitName (2 5 4 11)
2494   34:            UTF8String 'Post-Heffalump Research Department'
         :             }
         :            }
2530   24:          SET {
2532   22:           SEQUENCE {
2534    3:            OBJECT IDENTIFIER commonName (2 5 4 3)
2539   15:            UTF8String 'ECDSA Root - G1'
         :             }
         :            }
         :           }
         :          }
2556  142:        [3] {
2559  139:         SEQUENCE {
2562   11:          SET {
2564    9:           SEQUENCE {
2566    3:            OBJECT IDENTIFIER countryName (2 5 4 6)
2571    2:            PrintableString 'XX'
         :             }
         :            }
2575   53:          SET {
2577   51:           SEQUENCE {
2579    3:            OBJECT IDENTIFIER organizationName (2 5 4 10)
2584   44:            UTF8String
         :          'Royal Institute of Public Key Infrastructure'
         :             }
         :            }
2630   43:          SET {
2632   41:           SEQUENCE {
2634    3:            OBJECT IDENTIFIER
         :             organizationalUnitName (2 5 4 11)
2639   34:            UTF8String 'Post-Heffalump Research Department'
         :             }
         :            }
2675   24:          SET {
2677   22:           SEQUENCE {
2679    3:            OBJECT IDENTIFIER commonName (2 5 4 3)
2684   15:            UTF8String 'ECDSA Root - G1'
         :             }
         :            }
         :           }
         :          }
2701  155:        SEQUENCE {
2704   16:         SEQUENCE {
2706    7:          OBJECT IDENTIFIER ecPublicKey (1 2 840 10045 2 1)
2715    5:          OBJECT IDENTIFIER secp521r1 (1 3 132 0 35)
         :           }
2722  134:         BIT STRING
         :          04 01 00 56 06 A7 BF 43 84 35 27 27 E7 AE 85 B5
         :          88 A9 13 0F 0B F6 09 C8 C7 17 A7 9C 44 17 DE 9C
         :          42 38 B6 AC E7 24 BD CA 90 92 1A 84 2B 6B A9 5D
         :          C4 8B 69 C9 48 91 2D 7A 44 41 59 81 3D 2A DE F3
         :          B6 9B 5C 00 85 7C 5E 29 E3 EC 30 BD 84 88 23 10
         :          20 40 2B 5E C1 30 08 31 AE FA A7 71 98 DD A5 1D
         :          44 0D BA 28 AC AE 48 A0 45 D5 C8 2C 76 80 5D D7
         :          D3 B4 0B E9 A2 9B 00 72 19 E6 FA F5 1B 1C D6 AF
         :          73 15 51 8C AD
         :          }
2859   82:        [4] {
2861   80:         SEQUENCE {
2863   14:          SEQUENCE {
2865    3:           OBJECT IDENTIFIER keyUsage (2 5 29 15)
2870    1:           BOOLEAN TRUE
2873    4:           OCTET STRING, encapsulates {
2875    2:            BIT STRING 1 unused bit
         :             '1100000'B
         :             }
         :            }
2879   29:          SEQUENCE {
2881    3:           OBJECT IDENTIFIER
         :            subjectKeyIdentifier (2 5 29 14)
2886   22:           OCTET STRING, encapsulates {
2888   20:            OCTET STRING
         :           EB A3 D0 8B 51 FE 12 DC CC 21 66 87 85 0F 98 C7
         :           67 73 88 34
         :             }
         :            }
2910   31:          SEQUENCE {
2912    3:           OBJECT IDENTIFIER
         :            authorityKeyIdentifier (2 5 29 35)
2917   24:           OCTET STRING, encapsulates {
2919   22:            SEQUENCE {
2921   20:             [0]
         :           EB A3 D0 8B 51 FE 12 DC CC 21 66 87 85 0F 98 C7
         :           67 73 88 34
         :              }
         :             }
         :            }
         :           }
         :          }
2943  139:        BIT STRING, encapsulates {
2947  135:         SEQUENCE {
2950   65:          INTEGER
         :           49 E7 4B 12 3A 5F 93 4F 18 67 AD A4 15 24 12 1D
         :           C7 20 34 EB 5B 6E 1D 3E DC 7B E3 09 96 00 DC 2B
         :           7A 3B 1B 4B 44 AF 6E 2A 67 40 93 D0 5E 34 EF F1
         :           A5 C3 94 30 0C 88 F2 87 69 DA 39 A8 22 57 32 F5
         :           37
3017   66:          INTEGER
         :           00 98 36 D1 99 EB ED 68 D5 10 D2 4E 9E F7 B0 96
         :           73 CB 53 3C 4E E0 5E 8E 62 A8 50 F4 35 4F 6F DB
         :           41 D5 DF 3E EF A0 45 3C 7D 80 FA E4 0D 40 CB 75
         :           50 EF A9 C2 F1 6F 13 E1 3D 5A 7E F4 42 2E 2B 7A
         :           C2 8D
         :           }
         :          }
         :         }
         :        }
         :       }
         :      }
         :     }
         :    }
3085   11:  SEQUENCE {
3087    9:   OBJECT IDENTIFIER '2 16 840 1 101 3 4 3 18'
         :    }
3098 3310:  BIT STRING
         :   A2 96 26 A6 51 F8 27 BE CC 99 46 8C 2C CB 25 69
         :   B1 FD CD E6 C4 CB A0 D2 FA 35 36 D8 5E 55 0E 08
         :   77 72 E7 86 FE 72 8A 6C 67 19 70 9D B6 40 9C 47
         :   24 06 79 FE A4 BB 68 29 7F A0 1E 49 30 5A 03 DB
         :   1A 0B 77 7C B0 1D 47 2D 39 4F 9F 00 57 4D 62 74
         :   C6 0A 74 90 65 6A 09 FC 2B 6D E4 5D 0A CA 05 AD
         :   1A 33 D5 5D 84 4C 17 9C 15 E8 60 40 51 D8 2D 6B
         :   4E 43 F5 59 AD 73 E9 C1 4C 63 20 94 69 49 DC 48
         :       [ Another 3181 bytes skipped ]
         :   }

B.2. Algorithm migration example

B.2.1. ML-DSA-65 signing end-entity certificate

This is an end-entity signing certificate which certifies a ML-DSA-65 key.

-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----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gAqMCiIgo7OB/aGI30PvEIcz1u5jX+6lOGhpy/6Ol54DnTHE/o/zQHpSPdQiSutn
pZZeZRbz13ZSxGSh/PS6/Xzic7hGtI3yxi6XyEC+gJoUv2a6sMEoptMPs5LUhA1I
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Gov8U1E/XjaNWq31dOLUS+2Qq0/NoEB94ryhWPYUl/6JrvW3FhtwUIAiNR1iDFw6
lgAdhQBGDzRBC8kzKSorNWNDdXoXXCe7gIYBfHppvqq12kQ11zk/13x0EhpzJZTg
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9aaYDoZ9cFO3Bklrjzu9AzUTHb5FEs7fzBoz+8y/3I4cmfCNw0rWkV+D4xuxACNG
VnehzuIFGDI1PlVcdJvNYWqgw/y1v/D3CzxJmqMAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAIEhcbIA==
-----END CERTIFICATE-----


   0 5670: SEQUENCE {
   4 2339:  SEQUENCE {
   8    3:   [0] {
  10    1:    INTEGER 2
         :     }
  13   20:   INTEGER 41 91 BC 8D 0A 73 58 38 E2 F5 F3 75 E0 03 8C B2 81 BC F5 22
  35   11:   SEQUENCE {
  37    9:    OBJECT IDENTIFIER '2 16 840 1 101 3 4 3 18'
         :     }
  48  140:   SEQUENCE {
  51   11:    SET {
  53    9:     SEQUENCE {
  55    3:      OBJECT IDENTIFIER countryName (2 5 4 6)
  60    2:      PrintableString 'XX'
         :       }
         :      }
  64   53:    SET {
  66   51:     SEQUENCE {
  68    3:      OBJECT IDENTIFIER organizationName (2 5 4 10)
  73   44:      UTF8String
         :       'Royal Institute of Public Key Infrastructure'
         :       }
         :      }
 119   43:    SET {
 121   41:     SEQUENCE {
 123    3:      OBJECT IDENTIFIER organizationalUnitName (2 5 4 11)
 128   34:      UTF8String 'Post-Heffalump Research Department'
         :       }
         :      }
 164   25:    SET {
 166   23:     SEQUENCE {
 168    3:      OBJECT IDENTIFIER commonName (2 5 4 3)
 173   16:      UTF8String 'ML-DSA Root - G1'
         :       }
         :      }
         :     }
 191   30:   SEQUENCE {
 193   13:    UTCTime 17/10/2024 23:37:23 GMT
 208   13:    UTCTime 15/10/2034 23:37:23 GMT
         :     }
 223   47:   SEQUENCE {
 225   11:    SET {
 227    9:     SEQUENCE {
 229    3:      OBJECT IDENTIFIER countryName (2 5 4 6)
 234    2:      PrintableString 'XX'
         :       }
         :      }
 238   15:    SET {
 240   13:     SEQUENCE {
 242    3:      OBJECT IDENTIFIER organizationName (2 5 4 10)
 247    6:      UTF8String 'Hanako'
         :       }
         :      }
 255   15:    SET {
 257   13:     SEQUENCE {
 259    3:      OBJECT IDENTIFIER organizationalUnitName (2 5 4 11)
 264    6:      UTF8String 'Yamada'
         :       }
         :      }
         :     }
 272 1970:   SEQUENCE {
 276   11:    SEQUENCE {
 278    9:     OBJECT IDENTIFIER '2 16 840 1 101 3 4 3 18'
         :      }
 289 1953:    BIT STRING
         :     87 70 BA D0 8A 30 8B 78 07 32 D2 AF A0 38 19 D6
         :     01 EE 96 92 B8 8B CA D7 FF E2 8E 23 D9 4A 8C CA
         :     F8 05 4A 98 29 E3 3C D2 34 3D A1 D0 A8 D4 1D E9
         :     4E 91 BE EF DC 50 56 96 5A 92 5D 95 09 D8 43 13
         :     0E 1C 76 9F 89 67 6D 65 C1 58 4E F0 40 70 31 51
         :     4F 13 19 38 17 74 F3 F7 8F 89 DB 2D 17 A9 5C 78
         :     4D 21 9B 78 9C DA 6A A3 D5 12 C2 55 FF E2 A3 04
         :     6A F5 05 45 0C 14 69 78 64 02 B0 7B 9F B8 EC 40
         :         [ Another 1824 bytes skipped ]
         :     }
2246   99:   [3] {
2248   97:    SEQUENCE {
2250   15:     SEQUENCE {
2252    3:      OBJECT IDENTIFIER basicConstraints (2 5 29 19)
2257    1:      BOOLEAN TRUE
2260    5:      OCTET STRING, encapsulates {
2262    3:       SEQUENCE {
2264    1:        BOOLEAN TRUE
         :         }
         :        }
         :       }
2267   14:     SEQUENCE {
2269    3:      OBJECT IDENTIFIER keyUsage (2 5 29 15)
2274    1:      BOOLEAN TRUE
2277    4:      OCTET STRING, encapsulates {
2279    2:       BIT STRING 1 unused bit
         :        '1100001'B
         :        }
         :       }
2283   29:     SEQUENCE {
2285    3:      OBJECT IDENTIFIER subjectKeyIdentifier (2 5 29 14)
2290   22:      OCTET STRING, encapsulates {
2292   20:       OCTET STRING
         :        49 74 6C 51 42 21 E5 9F BB 91 E4 A3 35 4B E3 01
         :        4D 90 90 8E
         :        }
         :       }
2314   31:     SEQUENCE {
2316    3:      OBJECT IDENTIFIER authorityKeyIdentifier (2 5 29 35)
2321   24:      OCTET STRING, encapsulates {
2323   22:       SEQUENCE {
2325   20:        [0]
         :         9B 07 B4 A4 75 C4 BC 91 5D 35 E0 C9 A1 C1 62 E2
         :         77 55 D6 3F
         :         }
         :        }
         :       }
         :      }
         :     }
         :    }
2347   11:  SEQUENCE {
2349    9:   OBJECT IDENTIFIER '2 16 840 1 101 3 4 3 18'
         :    }
2360 3310:  BIT STRING
         :   60 AF 87 6F D4 86 6C 62 D5 46 5D 94 92 04 4A C7
         :   84 D0 1E 5D E6 5D 23 D7 4F A9 3F 90 C0 CF 32 B6
         :   F5 3F 82 74 70 8D 4F 11 FB BB 64 12 CC A5 48 EC
         :   F9 61 BA E7 EF 22 D1 B2 8B 43 F6 BF 87 45 81 DD
         :   5F BD 65 89 E1 0F 12 48 61 15 EB F4 73 E0 A5 FC
         :   3D 5E 31 46 CE 5E EB F6 9A DF DF 77 5A 72 22 11
         :   F7 C2 8D 39 A2 6C FE C4 92 21 E4 84 69 B2 C7 6C
         :   66 E2 9D 75 D7 D6 E3 57 29 BB 53 DE 16 93 D8 84
         :       [ Another 3181 bytes skipped ]
         :   }

B.2.2. EC signing end-entity certificate with encoded Delta Certificate

This is an end-entity signing certificate which certifies an EC key. It contains a Delta Certificate Descriptor extension which includes sufficient information to recreate the ML-DSA-65 signing end-entity certificate.

-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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D3WXGrGwViRTYOqPzWPBpGsluO4cjW5Nuipn6j1yyFlIlQjJGHELU+b8vDFo9+CQ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ZaaX+vtDGoq5RaxqvJBaRO5y9wZ+aiep9VR/DmIK25A06/lUB0YMKk7dKKQirTye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-----END CERTIFICATE-----


   0 6276: SEQUENCE {
   4 6118:  SEQUENCE {
   8    3:   [0] {
  10    1:    INTEGER 2
         :     }
  13   20:   INTEGER 40 5C BD 35 25 6A F5 95 C6 E9 06 72 A3 5E 03 27 F6 DE C3 9F
  35   10:   SEQUENCE {
  37    8:    OBJECT IDENTIFIER ecdsaWithSHA512 (1 2 840 10045 4 3 4)
         :     }
  47  139:   SEQUENCE {
  50   11:    SET {
  52    9:     SEQUENCE {
  54    3:      OBJECT IDENTIFIER countryName (2 5 4 6)
  59    2:      PrintableString 'XX'
         :       }
         :      }
  63   53:    SET {
  65   51:     SEQUENCE {
  67    3:      OBJECT IDENTIFIER organizationName (2 5 4 10)
  72   44:      UTF8String
         :       'Royal Institute of Public Key Infrastructure'
         :       }
         :      }
 118   43:    SET {
 120   41:     SEQUENCE {
 122    3:      OBJECT IDENTIFIER organizationalUnitName (2 5 4 11)
 127   34:      UTF8String 'Post-Heffalump Research Department'
         :       }
         :      }
 163   24:    SET {
 165   22:     SEQUENCE {
 167    3:      OBJECT IDENTIFIER commonName (2 5 4 3)
 172   15:      UTF8String 'ECDSA Root - G1'
         :       }
         :      }
         :     }
 189   30:   SEQUENCE {
 191   13:    UTCTime 17/10/2024 23:37:23 GMT
 206   13:    UTCTime 15/10/2034 23:37:23 GMT
         :     }
 221   47:   SEQUENCE {
 223   11:    SET {
 225    9:     SEQUENCE {
 227    3:      OBJECT IDENTIFIER countryName (2 5 4 6)
 232    2:      PrintableString 'XX'
         :       }
         :      }
 236   15:    SET {
 238   13:     SEQUENCE {
 240    3:      OBJECT IDENTIFIER organizationName (2 5 4 10)
 245    6:      UTF8String 'Hanako'
         :       }
         :      }
 253   15:    SET {
 255   13:     SEQUENCE {
 257    3:      OBJECT IDENTIFIER organizationalUnitName (2 5 4 11)
 262    6:      UTF8String 'Yamada'
         :       }
         :      }
         :     }
 270  155:   SEQUENCE {
 273   16:    SEQUENCE {
 275    7:     OBJECT IDENTIFIER ecPublicKey (1 2 840 10045 2 1)
 284    5:     OBJECT IDENTIFIER secp521r1 (1 3 132 0 35)
         :      }
 291  134:    BIT STRING
         :     04 00 15 FA 17 17 A0 19 3C E9 18 4E 96 FC BC 0D
         :     AA F9 90 2D 90 4D FD F4 1F 41 07 3F AA D0 0F 75
         :     BD 27 81 BD 96 DF 6A DE 55 86 A5 4B B5 3F A7 12
         :     0B 90 86 56 21 5D FE 82 98 2B C5 50 44 66 41 CF
         :     33 7D 6E 01 68 7D 59 49 DF A4 A6 E4 79 7C 98 FA
         :     89 B0 DB B2 D1 D4 DE 57 B8 56 AD AA 1D 1F 9A 5E
         :     F9 9C 70 4B 58 55 9E 41 5F 72 84 FA 06 3F 7B 3A
         :     58 FC 10 57 AD DF 2F 26 E5 7B D9 23 DD B2 B3 73
         :     8C 2C F9 CF C3
         :     }
 428 5694:   [3] {
 432 5690:    SEQUENCE {
 436   12:     SEQUENCE {
 438    3:      OBJECT IDENTIFIER basicConstraints (2 5 29 19)
 443    1:      BOOLEAN TRUE
 446    2:      OCTET STRING, encapsulates {
 448    0:       SEQUENCE {}
         :        }
         :       }
 450   14:     SEQUENCE {
 452    3:      OBJECT IDENTIFIER keyUsage (2 5 29 15)
 457    1:      BOOLEAN TRUE
 460    4:      OCTET STRING, encapsulates {
 462    2:       BIT STRING 7 unused bits
         :        '1'B (bit 0)
         :        }
         :       }
 466   29:     SEQUENCE {
 468    3:      OBJECT IDENTIFIER subjectKeyIdentifier (2 5 29 14)
 473   22:      OCTET STRING, encapsulates {
 475   20:       OCTET STRING
         :        07 84 EC E4 E5 63 31 5C B8 C7 78 D5 FC 61 18 F0
         :        53 C3 8C AD
         :        }
         :       }
 497   31:     SEQUENCE {
 499    3:      OBJECT IDENTIFIER authorityKeyIdentifier (2 5 29 35)
 504   24:      OCTET STRING, encapsulates {
 506   22:       SEQUENCE {
 508   20:        [0]
         :         EB A3 D0 8B 51 FE 12 DC CC 21 66 87 85 0F 98 C7
         :         67 73 88 34
         :         }
         :        }
         :       }
 530 5592:     SEQUENCE {
 534   10:      OBJECT IDENTIFIER
         :       deltaCertificateDescriptor (2 16 840 1 114027 80 6 1)
 546 5576:      OCTET STRING, encapsulates {
 550 5572:       SEQUENCE {
 554   20:        INTEGER
         :         41 91 BC 8D 0A 73 58 38 E2 F5 F3 75 E0 03 8C B2
         :         81 BC F5 22
 576   13:        [0] {
 578   11:         SEQUENCE {
 580    9:          OBJECT IDENTIFIER '2 16 840 1 101 3 4 3 18'
         :           }
         :          }
 591  143:        [1] {
 594  140:         SEQUENCE {
 597   11:          SET {
 599    9:           SEQUENCE {
 601    3:            OBJECT IDENTIFIER countryName (2 5 4 6)
 606    2:            PrintableString 'XX'
         :             }
         :            }
 610   53:          SET {
 612   51:           SEQUENCE {
 614    3:            OBJECT IDENTIFIER organizationName (2 5 4 10)
 619   44:            UTF8String
         :          'Royal Institute of Public Key Infrastructure'
         :             }
         :            }
 665   43:          SET {
 667   41:           SEQUENCE {
 669    3:            OBJECT IDENTIFIER
         :             organizationalUnitName (2 5 4 11)
 674   34:            UTF8String 'Post-Heffalump Research Department'
         :             }
         :            }
 710   25:          SET {
 712   23:           SEQUENCE {
 714    3:            OBJECT IDENTIFIER commonName (2 5 4 3)
 719   16:            UTF8String 'ML-DSA Root - G1'
         :             }
         :            }
         :           }
         :          }
 737 1970:        SEQUENCE {
 741   11:         SEQUENCE {
 743    9:          OBJECT IDENTIFIER '2 16 840 1 101 3 4 3 18'
         :           }
 754 1953:         BIT STRING
         :          87 70 BA D0 8A 30 8B 78 07 32 D2 AF A0 38 19 D6
         :          01 EE 96 92 B8 8B CA D7 FF E2 8E 23 D9 4A 8C CA
         :          F8 05 4A 98 29 E3 3C D2 34 3D A1 D0 A8 D4 1D E9
         :          4E 91 BE EF DC 50 56 96 5A 92 5D 95 09 D8 43 13
         :          0E 1C 76 9F 89 67 6D 65 C1 58 4E F0 40 70 31 51
         :          4F 13 19 38 17 74 F3 F7 8F 89 DB 2D 17 A9 5C 78
         :          4D 21 9B 78 9C DA 6A A3 D5 12 C2 55 FF E2 A3 04
         :          6A F5 05 45 0C 14 69 78 64 02 B0 7B 9F B8 EC 40
         :              [ Another 1824 bytes skipped ]
         :          }
2711   99:        [4] {
2713   97:         SEQUENCE {
2715   15:          SEQUENCE {
2717    3:           OBJECT IDENTIFIER basicConstraints (2 5 29 19)
2722    1:           BOOLEAN TRUE
2725    5:           OCTET STRING, encapsulates {
2727    3:            SEQUENCE {
2729    1:             BOOLEAN TRUE
         :              }
         :             }
         :            }
2732   14:          SEQUENCE {
2734    3:           OBJECT IDENTIFIER keyUsage (2 5 29 15)
2739    1:           BOOLEAN TRUE
2742    4:           OCTET STRING, encapsulates {
2744    2:            BIT STRING 1 unused bit
         :             '1100001'B
         :             }
         :            }
2748   29:          SEQUENCE {
2750    3:           OBJECT IDENTIFIER
         :            subjectKeyIdentifier (2 5 29 14)
2755   22:           OCTET STRING, encapsulates {
2757   20:            OCTET STRING
         :           49 74 6C 51 42 21 E5 9F BB 91 E4 A3 35 4B E3 01
         :           4D 90 90 8E
         :             }
         :            }
2779   31:          SEQUENCE {
2781    3:           OBJECT IDENTIFIER
         :            authorityKeyIdentifier (2 5 29 35)
2786   24:           OCTET STRING, encapsulates {
2788   22:            SEQUENCE {
2790   20:             [0]
         :           9B 07 B4 A4 75 C4 BC 91 5D 35 E0 C9 A1 C1 62 E2
         :           77 55 D6 3F
         :              }
         :             }
         :            }
         :           }
         :          }
2812 3310:        BIT STRING
         :         60 AF 87 6F D4 86 6C 62 D5 46 5D 94 92 04 4A C7
         :         84 D0 1E 5D E6 5D 23 D7 4F A9 3F 90 C0 CF 32 B6
         :         F5 3F 82 74 70 8D 4F 11 FB BB 64 12 CC A5 48 EC
         :         F9 61 BA E7 EF 22 D1 B2 8B 43 F6 BF 87 45 81 DD
         :         5F BD 65 89 E1 0F 12 48 61 15 EB F4 73 E0 A5 FC
         :         3D 5E 31 46 CE 5E EB F6 9A DF DF 77 5A 72 22 11
         :         F7 C2 8D 39 A2 6C FE C4 92 21 E4 84 69 B2 C7 6C
         :         66 E2 9D 75 D7 D6 E3 57 29 BB 53 DE 16 93 D8 84
         :             [ Another 3181 bytes skipped ]
         :         }
         :        }
         :       }
         :      }
         :     }
         :    }
6126   10:  SEQUENCE {
6128    8:   OBJECT IDENTIFIER ecdsaWithSHA512 (1 2 840 10045 4 3 4)
         :    }
6138  139:  BIT STRING, encapsulates {
6142  135:   SEQUENCE {
6145   66:    INTEGER
         :     00 FD 58 DA BD BA 7F 18 52 62 62 FB A6 31 05 ED
         :     A3 FD 57 86 73 A1 57 E9 0D FE F9 57 12 93 5B AB
         :     C2 BF 3F C2 A3 36 21 CE 7E A6 66 46 B9 D7 C1 81
         :     46 09 97 0B 86 1E F3 CB 68 2C E8 5D C6 34 F7 D7
         :     DF E5
6213   65:    INTEGER
         :     15 CB 1A 68 75 80 25 8E 96 E4 C1 58 D3 E1 AE DB
         :     E3 28 A8 3C 9B D1 E9 2E 38 E9 D5 3D E7 9B 5B 9E
         :     CD CF 15 BC E1 39 4F 2E B0 58 72 5E C2 91 0C 7E
         :     CC 07 3B 7E 7B 0F 44 9C F1 1E 97 BB 9D E3 E1 76
         :     DC
         :     }
         :    }
         :   }

B.3. Dual use example

B.3.1. EC signing end-entity certificate

This is an end-entity signing certificate which certifies an EC key.

-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----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-----END CERTIFICATE-----


  0 609: SEQUENCE {
  4 451:  SEQUENCE {
  8   3:   [0] {
 10   1:    INTEGER 2
       :     }
 13  20:   INTEGER 55 C5 4D 7E 27 28 8A 94 6C E1 CE 89 06 21 7B DF 55 6D 0C B0
 35  10:   SEQUENCE {
 37   8:    OBJECT IDENTIFIER ecdsaWithSHA512 (1 2 840 10045 4 3 4)
       :     }
 47 139:   SEQUENCE {
 50  11:    SET {
 52   9:     SEQUENCE {
 54   3:      OBJECT IDENTIFIER countryName (2 5 4 6)
 59   2:      PrintableString 'XX'
       :       }
       :      }
 63  53:    SET {
 65  51:     SEQUENCE {
 67   3:      OBJECT IDENTIFIER organizationName (2 5 4 10)
 72  44:      UTF8String
       :       'Royal Institute of Public Key Infrastructure'
       :       }
       :      }
118  43:    SET {
120  41:     SEQUENCE {
122   3:      OBJECT IDENTIFIER organizationalUnitName (2 5 4 11)
127  34:      UTF8String 'Post-Heffalump Research Department'
       :       }
       :      }
163  24:    SET {
165  22:     SEQUENCE {
167   3:      OBJECT IDENTIFIER commonName (2 5 4 3)
172  15:      UTF8String 'ECDSA Root - G1'
       :       }
       :      }
       :     }
189  30:   SEQUENCE {
191  13:    UTCTime 17/10/2024 23:37:23 GMT
206  13:    UTCTime 15/10/2034 23:37:23 GMT
       :     }
221  47:   SEQUENCE {
223  11:    SET {
225   9:     SEQUENCE {
227   3:      OBJECT IDENTIFIER countryName (2 5 4 6)
232   2:      PrintableString 'XX'
       :       }
       :      }
236  15:    SET {
238  13:     SEQUENCE {
240   3:      OBJECT IDENTIFIER organizationName (2 5 4 10)
245   6:      UTF8String 'Hanako'
       :       }
       :      }
253  15:    SET {
255  13:     SEQUENCE {
257   3:      OBJECT IDENTIFIER organizationalUnitName (2 5 4 11)
262   6:      UTF8String 'Yamada'
       :       }
       :      }
       :     }
270  89:   SEQUENCE {
272  19:    SEQUENCE {
274   7:     OBJECT IDENTIFIER ecPublicKey (1 2 840 10045 2 1)
283   8:     OBJECT IDENTIFIER prime256v1 (1 2 840 10045 3 1 7)
       :      }
293  66:    BIT STRING
       :     04 6E 0E 66 2B D6 83 C3 EF 69 20 04 A0 CC 20 0D
       :     71 84 6E 81 74 9F 69 6B 53 1F 72 A0 EA D8 7F 9B
       :     C8 72 6C FB D7 1E C1 46 12 79 B8 66 ED DA F9 2F
       :     F9 44 F9 88 C3 BF 14 A0 13 29 22 A4 7E 4D F9 E8
       :     D7
       :     }
361  96:   [3] {
363  94:    SEQUENCE {
365  12:     SEQUENCE {
367   3:      OBJECT IDENTIFIER basicConstraints (2 5 29 19)
372   1:      BOOLEAN TRUE
375   2:      OCTET STRING, encapsulates {
377   0:       SEQUENCE {}
       :        }
       :       }
379  14:     SEQUENCE {
381   3:      OBJECT IDENTIFIER keyUsage (2 5 29 15)
386   1:      BOOLEAN TRUE
389   4:      OCTET STRING, encapsulates {
391   2:       BIT STRING 7 unused bits
       :        '1'B (bit 0)
       :        }
       :       }
395  29:     SEQUENCE {
397   3:      OBJECT IDENTIFIER subjectKeyIdentifier (2 5 29 14)
402  22:      OCTET STRING, encapsulates {
404  20:       OCTET STRING
       :        A8 C6 C1 F8 F2 76 71 2B B4 1C CE 54 C8 8B CF 99
       :        4F F4 9A BF
       :        }
       :       }
426  31:     SEQUENCE {
428   3:      OBJECT IDENTIFIER authorityKeyIdentifier (2 5 29 35)
433  24:      OCTET STRING, encapsulates {
435  22:       SEQUENCE {
437  20:        [0]
       :         EB A3 D0 8B 51 FE 12 DC CC 21 66 87 85 0F 98 C7
       :         67 73 88 34
       :         }
       :        }
       :       }
       :      }
       :     }
       :    }
459  10:  SEQUENCE {
461   8:   OBJECT IDENTIFIER ecdsaWithSHA512 (1 2 840 10045 4 3 4)
       :    }
471 139:  BIT STRING, encapsulates {
475 135:   SEQUENCE {
478  65:    INTEGER
       :     3B 77 7C A2 3D 2D 86 94 A6 48 8F 39 C4 BB AF 03
       :     DE F0 FD 02 91 85 D1 97 C0 FB 73 3B B5 5C 78 7D
       :     EC 78 C8 8E 46 80 8B 3C A3 BC 19 F7 75 96 24 4B
       :     B7 39 E1 CF B2 1B 99 56 D2 EB 85 9B C5 07 B8 41
       :     AC
545  66:    INTEGER
       :     01 5E 4F 56 DA 6C 7D 8C 10 12 D3 F8 D1 97 20 A0
       :     34 6B 38 AD 3F 5D 4B 03 FA F2 9D 8A 03 6E 29 DD
       :     B4 FD 3C B7 12 1A F3 0F 4E D8 C8 46 D7 BD 3A 9E
       :     B2 DC FB 3F 8F B2 D4 2A 5E 04 10 E6 16 BF 7E 7F
       :     7B 3C
       :     }
       :    }
       :   }

B.3.2. EC dual use end-entity certificate with encoded Delta Certificate

This is an end-entity key exchange certificate which certifies an EC key. It contains a Delta Certificate Descriptor extension which includes sufficient information to the recreate the EC signing end-entity certificate.

-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
MIIDzTCCAy6gAwIBAgIUczxcVsNa7M9uSs598vuGatGLDuIwCgYIKoZIzj0EAwQw
gYsxCzAJBgNVBAYTAlhYMTUwMwYDVQQKDCxSb3lhbCBJbnN0aXR1dGUgb2YgUHVi
bGljIEtleSBJbmZyYXN0cnVjdHVyZTErMCkGA1UECwwiUG9zdC1IZWZmYWx1bXAg
UmVzZWFyY2ggRGVwYXJ0bWVudDEYMBYGA1UEAwwPRUNEU0EgUm9vdCAtIEcxMB4X
DTI0MTAxNzIzMzcyM1oXDTM0MTAxNTIzMzcyM1owLzELMAkGA1UEBhMCWFgxDzAN
BgNVBAoMBkhhbmFrbzEPMA0GA1UECwwGWWFtYWRhMHYwEAYHKoZIzj0CAQYFK4EE
ACIDYgAE+qm8IaZ5hVFufLvTuniWWnQoa9d0YCyNiOmQ2OrrcukSy0FgozyJq7hc
g8o2pJ5uRRLVysU1gHNfxL+TvwRRr6eWUJE8v0dCUccuCFPAVbxwf7Hjcp5NSsFn
J2lIrvzgo4IBrDCCAagwDAYDVR0TAQH/BAIwADAOBgNVHQ8BAf8EBAMCAwgwHQYD
VR0OBBYEFAHprr1J3zZ7gG1ksEzN8BHM7tCzMB8GA1UdIwQYMBaAFOuj0ItR/hLc
zCFmh4UPmMdnc4g0MIIBRgYKYIZIAYb6a1AGAQSCATYwggEyAhRVxU1+JyiKlGzh
zokGIXvfVW0MsDBZMBMGByqGSM49AgEGCCqGSM49AwEHA0IABG4OZivWg8PvaSAE
oMwgDXGEboF0n2lrUx9yoOrYf5vIcmz71x7BRhJ5uGbt2vkv+UT5iMO/FKATKSKk
fk356NekMTAvMA4GA1UdDwEB/wQEAwIHgDAdBgNVHQ4EFgQUqMbB+PJ2cSu0HM5U
yIvPmU/0mr8DgYsAMIGHAkE7d3yiPS2GlKZIjznEu68D3vD9ApGF0ZfA+3M7tVx4
fex4yI5GgIs8o7wZ93WWJEu3OeHPshuZVtLrhZvFB7hBrAJCAV5PVtpsfYwQEtP4
0ZcgoDRrOK0/XUsD+vKdigNuKd20/Ty3EhrzD07YyEbXvTqestz7P4+y1CpeBBDm
Fr9+f3s8MAoGCCqGSM49BAMEA4GMADCBiAJCAXrIaCetU/F7+TDkYBjEaHRZEujy
DL2Ic08Eu+iDBRvzuYjxulQKCJaRFrcbegcW8D8MTkrJW8b0j9PkIXuLB51wAkIB
0/4Tx4hhUQ6SCBNx70mG2kOeHpgZB62K3b3PtypOJtUWTZS5XgBhljUUTmdsaQtA
wi1V+cwAnegmu168l43lQz0=
-----END CERTIFICATE-----


  0 973: SEQUENCE {
  4 814:  SEQUENCE {
  8   3:   [0] {
 10   1:    INTEGER 2
       :     }
 13  20:   INTEGER 73 3C 5C 56 C3 5A EC CF 6E 4A CE 7D F2 FB 86 6A D1 8B 0E E2
 35  10:   SEQUENCE {
 37   8:    OBJECT IDENTIFIER ecdsaWithSHA512 (1 2 840 10045 4 3 4)
       :     }
 47 139:   SEQUENCE {
 50  11:    SET {
 52   9:     SEQUENCE {
 54   3:      OBJECT IDENTIFIER countryName (2 5 4 6)
 59   2:      PrintableString 'XX'
       :       }
       :      }
 63  53:    SET {
 65  51:     SEQUENCE {
 67   3:      OBJECT IDENTIFIER organizationName (2 5 4 10)
 72  44:      UTF8String
       :       'Royal Institute of Public Key Infrastructure'
       :       }
       :      }
118  43:    SET {
120  41:     SEQUENCE {
122   3:      OBJECT IDENTIFIER organizationalUnitName (2 5 4 11)
127  34:      UTF8String 'Post-Heffalump Research Department'
       :       }
       :      }
163  24:    SET {
165  22:     SEQUENCE {
167   3:      OBJECT IDENTIFIER commonName (2 5 4 3)
172  15:      UTF8String 'ECDSA Root - G1'
       :       }
       :      }
       :     }
189  30:   SEQUENCE {
191  13:    UTCTime 17/10/2024 23:37:23 GMT
206  13:    UTCTime 15/10/2034 23:37:23 GMT
       :     }
221  47:   SEQUENCE {
223  11:    SET {
225   9:     SEQUENCE {
227   3:      OBJECT IDENTIFIER countryName (2 5 4 6)
232   2:      PrintableString 'XX'
       :       }
       :      }
236  15:    SET {
238  13:     SEQUENCE {
240   3:      OBJECT IDENTIFIER organizationName (2 5 4 10)
245   6:      UTF8String 'Hanako'
       :       }
       :      }
253  15:    SET {
255  13:     SEQUENCE {
257   3:      OBJECT IDENTIFIER organizationalUnitName (2 5 4 11)
262   6:      UTF8String 'Yamada'
       :       }
       :      }
       :     }
270 118:   SEQUENCE {
272  16:    SEQUENCE {
274   7:     OBJECT IDENTIFIER ecPublicKey (1 2 840 10045 2 1)
283   5:     OBJECT IDENTIFIER secp384r1 (1 3 132 0 34)
       :      }
290  98:    BIT STRING
       :     04 FA A9 BC 21 A6 79 85 51 6E 7C BB D3 BA 78 96
       :     5A 74 28 6B D7 74 60 2C 8D 88 E9 90 D8 EA EB 72
       :     E9 12 CB 41 60 A3 3C 89 AB B8 5C 83 CA 36 A4 9E
       :     6E 45 12 D5 CA C5 35 80 73 5F C4 BF 93 BF 04 51
       :     AF A7 96 50 91 3C BF 47 42 51 C7 2E 08 53 C0 55
       :     BC 70 7F B1 E3 72 9E 4D 4A C1 67 27 69 48 AE FC
       :     E0
       :     }
390 428:   [3] {
394 424:    SEQUENCE {
398  12:     SEQUENCE {
400   3:      OBJECT IDENTIFIER basicConstraints (2 5 29 19)
405   1:      BOOLEAN TRUE
408   2:      OCTET STRING, encapsulates {
410   0:       SEQUENCE {}
       :        }
       :       }
412  14:     SEQUENCE {
414   3:      OBJECT IDENTIFIER keyUsage (2 5 29 15)
419   1:      BOOLEAN TRUE
422   4:      OCTET STRING, encapsulates {
424   2:       BIT STRING 3 unused bits
       :        '10000'B (bit 4)
       :        }
       :       }
428  29:     SEQUENCE {
430   3:      OBJECT IDENTIFIER subjectKeyIdentifier (2 5 29 14)
435  22:      OCTET STRING, encapsulates {
437  20:       OCTET STRING
       :        01 E9 AE BD 49 DF 36 7B 80 6D 64 B0 4C CD F0 11
       :        CC EE D0 B3
       :        }
       :       }
459  31:     SEQUENCE {
461   3:      OBJECT IDENTIFIER authorityKeyIdentifier (2 5 29 35)
466  24:      OCTET STRING, encapsulates {
468  22:       SEQUENCE {
470  20:        [0]
       :         EB A3 D0 8B 51 FE 12 DC CC 21 66 87 85 0F 98 C7
       :         67 73 88 34
       :         }
       :        }
       :       }
492 326:     SEQUENCE {
496  10:      OBJECT IDENTIFIER
       :       deltaCertificateDescriptor (2 16 840 1 114027 80 6 1)
508 310:      OCTET STRING, encapsulates {
512 306:       SEQUENCE {
516  20:        INTEGER
       :         55 C5 4D 7E 27 28 8A 94 6C E1 CE 89 06 21 7B DF
       :         55 6D 0C B0
538  89:        SEQUENCE {
540  19:         SEQUENCE {
542   7:          OBJECT IDENTIFIER ecPublicKey (1 2 840 10045 2 1)
551   8:          OBJECT IDENTIFIER prime256v1 (1 2 840 10045 3 1 7)
       :           }
561  66:         BIT STRING
       :          04 6E 0E 66 2B D6 83 C3 EF 69 20 04 A0 CC 20 0D
       :          71 84 6E 81 74 9F 69 6B 53 1F 72 A0 EA D8 7F 9B
       :          C8 72 6C FB D7 1E C1 46 12 79 B8 66 ED DA F9 2F
       :          F9 44 F9 88 C3 BF 14 A0 13 29 22 A4 7E 4D F9 E8
       :          D7
       :          }
629  49:        [4] {
631  47:         SEQUENCE {
633  14:          SEQUENCE {
635   3:           OBJECT IDENTIFIER keyUsage (2 5 29 15)
640   1:           BOOLEAN TRUE
643   4:           OCTET STRING, encapsulates {
645   2:            BIT STRING 7 unused bits
       :             '1'B (bit 0)
       :             }
       :            }
649  29:          SEQUENCE {
651   3:           OBJECT IDENTIFIER subjectKeyIdentifier (2 5 29 14)
656  22:           OCTET STRING, encapsulates {
658  20:            OCTET STRING
       :            A8 C6 C1 F8 F2 76 71 2B B4 1C CE 54 C8 8B CF 99
       :            4F F4 9A BF
       :             }
       :            }
       :           }
       :          }
680 139:        BIT STRING, encapsulates {
684 135:         SEQUENCE {
687  65:          INTEGER
       :           3B 77 7C A2 3D 2D 86 94 A6 48 8F 39 C4 BB AF 03
       :           DE F0 FD 02 91 85 D1 97 C0 FB 73 3B B5 5C 78 7D
       :           EC 78 C8 8E 46 80 8B 3C A3 BC 19 F7 75 96 24 4B
       :           B7 39 E1 CF B2 1B 99 56 D2 EB 85 9B C5 07 B8 41
       :           AC
754  66:          INTEGER
       :           01 5E 4F 56 DA 6C 7D 8C 10 12 D3 F8 D1 97 20 A0
       :           34 6B 38 AD 3F 5D 4B 03 FA F2 9D 8A 03 6E 29 DD
       :           B4 FD 3C B7 12 1A F3 0F 4E D8 C8 46 D7 BD 3A 9E
       :           B2 DC FB 3F 8F B2 D4 2A 5E 04 10 E6 16 BF 7E 7F
       :           7B 3C
       :           }
       :          }
       :         }
       :        }
       :       }
       :      }
       :     }
       :    }
822  10:  SEQUENCE {
824   8:   OBJECT IDENTIFIER ecdsaWithSHA512 (1 2 840 10045 4 3 4)
       :    }
834 140:  BIT STRING, encapsulates {
838 136:   SEQUENCE {
841  66:    INTEGER
       :     01 7A C8 68 27 AD 53 F1 7B F9 30 E4 60 18 C4 68
       :     74 59 12 E8 F2 0C BD 88 73 4F 04 BB E8 83 05 1B
       :     F3 B9 88 F1 BA 54 0A 08 96 91 16 B7 1B 7A 07 16
       :     F0 3F 0C 4E 4A C9 5B C6 F4 8F D3 E4 21 7B 8B 07
       :     9D 70
909  66:    INTEGER
       :     01 D3 FE 13 C7 88 61 51 0E 92 08 13 71 EF 49 86
       :     DA 43 9E 1E 98 19 07 AD 8A DD BD CF B7 2A 4E 26
       :     D5 16 4D 94 B9 5E 00 61 96 35 14 4E 67 6C 69 0B
       :     40 C2 2D 55 F9 CC 00 9D E8 26 BB 5E BC 97 8D E5
       :     43 3D
       :     }
       :    }
       :   }

Acknowledgments

TODO acknowledge.

Authors' Addresses

C. Bonnell
DigiCert
J. Gray
Entrust
D. Hook
KeyFactor
T. Okubo
DigiCert
M. Ounsworth
Entrust